Novel Elliptic-function Low-pass Filter (LPF)

Novel Elliptic-work Low-pass Filter (LPF) Execution of microstrip low pass channel with stub stacked Electromagnetic Band Gap ground plane Mariselvam V, Raju S Theoretical An epic elliptic-work low-pass channel (LPF) is Presented, which comprises of an Electromagnetic band hole on the ground plane. The Electromagnetic band hole gives the necessary wideband constriction in stop band, while the space gives steep change from pass band to stop band. A 5.4 GHz five-post LPF is created and test results show that it has a sharp cutoff recurrence reaction. The deliberate pass band addition misfortune is beneath 0.4 dB, and the dismissal band more than 15 dB is from 5.425 GHz to 8.25 GHz, Which increments from 2.95 GHz.  Keywords: Defected ground structure (DGS), elliptic-work channel, low-pass channel (LPF). 1. Presentation As of late, abandoned ground structure (DGS) has gotten one of the most fascinating regions of exploration with regards to microwave and millimeter wave Applications [1]. It could be broadly utilized in microwave circuit structure, for example, power divider, power enhancer and particularly in channel plan [1â€9]. Low pass channels (LPF) plan necessitate that both in-band and out-band exhibitions ought to be: low misfortune, high selectivity, high dismissal, and wide false free recurrence ranges. Numerous epic sorts of microstrip channels have been proposed and structured. Occasional or non-intermittent DGS are acknowledged by drawing an opening in the rear metallic ground plane. The carved opening upsets adequately the present dispersion in the ground plane of microstrip line and the outcomes in thunderous qualities [2, 3]. IT is notable that regular properties of low-pass channels (LPFs) can be gotten by adding occasional structures to transmission lines. The delegate intermittent structures for planar transmission lines as well as microwave circuits are photonic band hole (PBG) and abandoned ground structure (DGS) [4, 5]. The PBG has been known as a well known intermittent structure for planar transmission lines. Be that as it may, downsides of PBGs have been likewise examined as follows. 1) An enormous region is required in light of the fact that various occasional examples ought to be embraced. 2) It is dark to characterize the unit component, and hard to remove the identical circuit components for the PBG unit component. 3) Therefore, it is confined to stretch out its down to earth application to microwave circuits. Despite what might be expected, one can without much of a stretch characterize the unit component of the DGS and model the identical circuit. Likewise, since just a couple of DGS components show the common properties of occasional structures, the resultant circuit size turns out to be moderately little. Moreover, the structure of the DGS is straightforward and it is anything but difficult to plan the DGS design. Therefore, since [4] has presented the structure and considered it a DGS just because, the DGS has been broadly applied to configuration microwave circuits, for example, channels, power dividers, couplers, speakers, oscillators, etc [1], [6]â€[12]. There is a lot of past examination about the attributes of LPFs having intermittent structures on microstrip or Coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines [13]â€[16] Anyway the greater part of them are not logical on the grounds that they essentially rely upon electromagnetic (EM) reproductions to plan LPFs and foresee circuit exhibitions. Actually, in the structure of LPFs utilizing DGSs including this investigation, all plan steps depend on hypotheses and sensible clarifications as follows. The comparable circuit components of the DGS is extricated and utilized for supplanting the arrangement inductances in the LPF Prototype circuit. The LPF is made out of the extricated equal lumped Elements, hence, it is a perfect LPF, is planned, and is contrasted with the acknowledged LPF utilizing the DGS for all intents and purposes. Two strategies to plan a three-post LPF utilizing the DGS has been proposed in [1] and [6]. In these papers, the measures of two DGS designs in the LPF were actually the equivalent since two inductances in the three-post â€Å"L1 (arrangement) C2 (shunt) L3 (series)† model LPF are indistinguishable. In [6], brokenness components, for example, tee-or cross-intersections were embraced to associate open stubs to understand the shunt capacitance. Be that as it may, in the three-post LPF proposed in [1], there are no intersection components, flimsy transmission lines for high impedance, or open stubs. What's more, the width of the transmission-line components in the LPF has been strikingly expanded. In this way, favorable circumstances, for example, reduced plan and mistake strong acknowledgment creating the design have been acquired. Be that as it may, so as to structure - stage LPFs utilizing the DGS, e.g., a five-phase like â€Å"L1 (arrangement) C2 (shunt) L3 (arrangement) C4 (shunt) L5 (series),† two distinct elements of the DGS must be received in light of the fact that L3 isn't equivalent to L1=L5, in spite of the fact that. So as to choose the correct element of the DGS for L3 cautious thought dependent on channel hypotheses, separated proportionate circuit components of different DGS measurements, and some related subjects of transmission lines ought to be taken. The size of the DGS for L3 is controlled by precise bend fitting outcomes for proportional circuit components to compare precisely to the necessary inductance. Moreover, the length of transmission-line components between DGS designs is resolved through the thought for the proportional capacitance and extra parasitic inductance, just as the necessary shunt capacitances in the model LPF. Accordingly, a structure of a five-post DGS-LPF requires a lot more unpredictable strides than the past three-shaft DGS-LPF appeared in [1] and [6]. Along these lines, the objective of this paper is to propose another procedure to plan a - post LPF having (â€Å"DGS-LPF†), and to sum up the past structure strategy for N>5 utilizing various sizes of DGS designs. For this reason, demonstrating for the equal circuit of the DGS, a bend fitting for deciding the necessary various sizes of the Fig.1 Top perspective on the Microstrip line with a DGS example and its measurements in mm Fig.1a. Base perspective on the Microstrip line with a DGS example and its measurements in mm DGS that mirrors the inductance esteems in the model LPF and a down to earth plan model will be progressively talked about. So as to show the legitimacy of the proposed strategy, a five shaft DGS-LPF, for instance, is structured and estimated in this paper. The five-shaft DGS-LPF has an a lot more extensive microstrip line than ordinary microstrip LPFs, and does exclude high-impedance lines, which have been basically required in regular plan. The arrangement inductances in the model LPF are acknowledged by DGSs, while the shunt capacitances are acknowledged by the broadly remunerated transmission line. Accordingly, no irregularity components, for example, tee-or cross-intersection for interfacing open stubs are required in light of the fact that there are no stubs in the DGS-LPF. 2. DGS PATTERN AND MODELING FOR THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT Fig. 1and 1a shows a microstrip line having a hand weight DGS and its - boundaries from an EM reenactment. Two curved abandoned regions and one interfacing opening compare to the identically included inductance (L) and capacitance(C), separately. In like manner, a reverberation happens at a specific recurrence in view of the equal Lâ€C circuit. Contrarily, it is instinctively realized that the identical circuit incorporates a couple of equal inductor†capacitor from the full marvel in the - boundary. This implies the microstrip line having the DGS doesn't have all-pass qualities, however confined pass band properties. Fig.2. Proportionate circuit of the microstrip line with unit DGS utilizing ADS Likewise, slow-wave qualities are seen due to the added†parts of the DGS [3], [5], [9]. The absconded regions can be acknowledged by oval, yet in addition different geometries, for example, triangle, circle, hexagon, octagon, winding, etc. It is extremely certain that the resounding recurrence (wo) of the DGS and 3-dB cutoff recurrence (wc 3dB) exist as appeared in Fig. 1.The proportional †circuit of the DGS can be separated on the grounds that this sort of electrical trademark is seen from an ordinary L â€C equal resounding circuit. The proportionate circuit of the DGS and one-shaft Butterworth model of the LPF are introduced the DGS in Fig. 2. The identical L†C components are determined by (1â€3) in light of the fact that two reactance estimations of Fig. 2(a) must be equivalent at wc 3dB as follows XLc= (1) XL = ωZo g1 (2) XLc | ω= ωc, (3) Where w'(=1), g1 (=2) and Zo (=50î ©) are the standardized 3-dB cutoff recurrence, component estimation of one-post Butterworth model LPF, and port impedance, individually, and wo = (1/√ Lk1Ck1). The determined L2and c2 of the DGS appeared in Fig. 2 are 3.2 nH and 0.8194 pF, separately. Fig. 3 shows a fantastic understanding between the past - boundaries appeared in Fig. 1 and the new ones determined utilizing Lk1and ck1. Propelled Design System (ADS), a circuit test system from Agilent Technologies, has been utilized for the estimation. This understanding implies that the displaying method is substantial in extricating the identical circuit components. It ought to be noticed this is one of the incredible points of interest of DGS since it is conceivable to characterize the unit component of the DGS and to set up its equal circuit, while the customary Planar transmission lines with an occasional structure, for example, a PBG experience issues in characterizing the unit componen t and to separate the displayed circuit component. 2.1 DESIGN OF THE FIVE POLE LOWPASS FILTER A. Model LPF and Adoption of DGS The strategy to structure a five-post LPF utilizing the DGS is talked about here. Fig. 3 delineates the model circuit of a five-post LPF. Here gi (i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), speak to the standardized component estimations of a Chebyshev model LPF for the given wave [17]. As per the plan hypothesis of channels, so as to change the model LPF to the LPF made out of lumped components, the estimations of L1,C2,L3,C4 and L5can be resolved ow

Definition Integrated Customer Experience â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Definition Integrated Customer Experience? Answer: Introducation Client experience can be characterized as the reaction of the clients to the organization with respect to the experience they had at the hour of utilizing their administrations or items. The clients can straightforwardly contact the organization to share their perspectives or in a roundabout way present their remarks some place on share their feelings about the items and serves they have utilized. Coordinated client conduct is the term that is utilized when the clients encounters are utilized as the premise or the beginning stage if everything that the organization do (Botha Van Rensburg, 2010). In todays time, it is significant for the organizations to incorporate the clients encounters in their systems so they can cook the market better. Advertising is finished by the organizations for transformation of the regard in the client. Change is likewise done to make the ordinary clients a faithful one and this can happen just when the clients experience is superb with the organization. A long these lines, Taking incorporated clients experience as the premise of change procedures of the organization is extremely valuable and basic. Clients encounters can be connected to the desire for the clients and the guarantees of the organization. The change can possibly occur if the organization can satisfy the hopes of the clients which are created as per the guarantees of the organization (Mosley, 2007). Clients experience is extremely pivotal for brand picture. Clients make an observation about the items when the brand picture is related with it. On the off chance that that observation goes astray, at that point it gets hard for the organizations to give better encounters to the clients. Discernment can't be constrained by the organizations however it very well may be adjusted according to the circumstance and by applying a portion of the techniques. There are various sorts of encounters that the clients experience and consequently it is hard to gauge the encounters. Various sorts of clients encounters: According to the meaning of the clients experience, it has been dissected that it is the reaction of the clients sentiments that they have encountered at the hour of utilizing the items or the administration. It isn't only the items or administration that influences the experience yet numerous outer elements have their effect on the clients experience (Schmitt, 2010). A case of a café administration can be taken. In the event that the feel of the café is acceptable and the food isn't acceptable then additionally a client can guarantee that the individual had great time there as a result of the climate and different administrations. It has been examined that estimating client encounters is significant for the organizations and as there are numerous elements that influence the clients experience in this way it is required by the organizations to arrange these clients encounters. The following is the figure that arranges the clients encounters on certain bases: The clients encounters above depend on the normalization of the business procedure and the commitment of the clients in a specific circumstance. It has been investigated that the greater part of the clients experience the circumstance that is characterized in the last right corner quadrant that is nothing new. This is where the normalization of the business procedure is high while the clients commitment is exceptionally low (Meyer Schwager, 2007). Here, the monotonous truncations are made by the organization and the clients. It very well may be related with the day by day life exercises, for example, making check card installment of purchasing something from the one retailer. These are the exercises that give the same old thing sort of client encounters to the clients and this is the most clear experience that clients feel in their day by day lives. In this circumstance, the organizations can make the framework mechanized by accepting the conceivable circumstance that can be created (Nagasawa, 2008). For instance when the iTunes remind the client that they previously purchased the thing they are going to get, it isn't the one spot choice that has been made yet the organization has just set a portion of the standards as per the most plausible circumstance that can occur with the client. The upper right corner of the lattice manages the anticipated clients lifecycle occasions. It is where the procedure is normalized and yet the clients are additionally connect with to a high degree (Yi, Y., Gong, 2009). It tends to be comprehended with a model, for example, getting the main bill from the portable system organization. In tis, the organization have just seen that the clients will need to think about the high sum that has been accused of them in the bill and the clients will similarly be keen on knowing and enquiring about the bill. It is the anticipated circumstance by the organization and in this way a normalized framework should be made by the organizations to deal with such sorts of clients encounters. It isn't the unprecedented circumstance as each client will be asking for their bill with the goal that organization can without much of a stretch distinguish the circumstance and make standard answer for resolve such issues (Smith Wheeler, 2002). The third experience is identified with quadrant in the left lower corner that is about danger to cost effectiveness. It is the circumstance were the normalization is likewise low and even the client commitment is additionally extremely low. In this sort of circumstance, the clients encounters don't generally matters to the clients just as to the organization. For instance, if in a lodging, the charging machine or the PC neglects to type a solitary letter or in view of any specialized issue the PC neglects to take any data of the visitor naturally then the director or the assistant needs to fill the detail physically (Palmer, 2010). This is definitely not a major concern yet the PC can be checked by the professional later. In this circumstance not the clients and not in any case the organization is intrigued. In this way, these are the encounters that truly dont matter and can't be anticipated by the organization to make any normalized answer for it. The last quadrant manages shocks, hardships. It is generally undermining and perilous circumstance for the organization in light of the fact that the clients are exceptionally occupied with the circumstance yet the organization doesn't have any pre arranged answer for resolve the equivalent. This is where the clients experience can be negative and can influence the brand picture of the organization antagonistically (Homburg, Jozi? Kuehnl, 2017). This may happens some of the time that the issue is there yet the organization doesn't have any thought regarding it and even doesn't have any standard designs for that difficult which might be shockingly experienced by the clients and can make a negative effect. This is the most basic circumstance that ought to be taken care of smoothly by the organization. Commonly, the clients of the organization can get this sort of circumstance. The organizations nowadays are delegating numerous individuals in the clients bolster zone while some of them have a full division that solitary arrangements with clients and resolve their issues. These are the techniques that as make the client encounters and furthermore causes the organization to make their image picture in the market (Johnston Kong, 2011). Hindrances and points of interest With the above conversation, it has unmistakably been referenced that clients encounters are significant component that should be incorporated in the business procedures and techniques so the organization can cook the market in successful manner with great brand picture. One of the most significant advantages for the organization by coordinating client experience is development. At the point when any of the takes client experience as the premise of their methodology development process then it gets simpler for the organization to enhance the items drug the administrations as per the inclinations of the clients (Grewal, Levy Kumar, 2009). Additionally, the development made with this premise has less odds of getting fizzled. Another significant advantage for the organization by client experience is brand picture. Anticipating the circumstance or the issues that the clients can look in future and making normalized answer for them is the best method of building up the brand picture of th e organization (Puccinelli, Goodstein, Grewal, Price, Raghubir Stewart, 2009). There are some different preferences also, for example, improvement of successful procedures, providing food showcase viably, building up the client arranged methodology and so forth. Notwithstanding it, the organization likewise face a portion of the difficulties as far as incorporating client involvement with their business (Lemke, Clark Wilson, 2011). Probably the greatest test is with respect to the recognizable proof and forecast of the client experience. This is on the grounds that there are various clients having distinctive purpose of perspectives. It isn't fundamental that each client have comparative encounters in comparable circumstances (Wen, Prybutok, V Xu, 2011). Hence, the organizations need to expect the most widely recognized conduct of the clients to anticipate the circumstances that can be created in future. It is hard to cook the market with indistinguishable systems from various market and clients have various inclinations. Likewise, it is additionally hard to classifications the client involvement with the comparative way as various market and clients have diverse nature. Proposals: It has been prescribed to the business that coordinating client experience is probably the best ways to deal with be utilized to build up the brand picture of the firm yet at same time the organization needs to discover a way to deal with classify the client experience as indicated by the market. The majority of the organizations have introduced the client service framework in their procedures so the clients can undoubtedly contact the organization with their issues (Frow Payne, 2007). This is on the grounds that settling the issues of the clients likewise creates an alternate sort of client experience among the clients. In the event that the roble is settled effectively, at that point the clients feels upbeat. Fulfilling every single client is unimaginable.

100 Must-Read Lesser-Known Classics

100 Must-Read Lesser-Known Classics While we at the Riot take some time off to rest and catch up on our  reading, were re-running some of our  favorite posts from the last several months. Enjoy our highlight reel, and well be back with new stuff on Tuesday, January 3rd. This post originally ran August 22, 2016. Everything about this post is subject to debate: what constitutes a must-read book? What does lesser-known mean? What exactly is a classic? Hell if I know. But I thought it would be fun to make up a list of older books that are worth checking out that readers may have missed. Here are my criteria: I decided on an arbitrary end date of 1950, in order to focus on earlier books and avoid the troublesome category of modern classics. (What is a modern classic, anyway? Who knows!) I also tried to pick books that arent commonly taught in high schools and colleges. Your mileage will vary with this one, obviously. But I wanted this list to be a source of suggestions for expanding your classics reading beyond the usual suspects from school. This list is also very much from a U.S. perspective: in other countries and cultures some of these books may be commonly read and taught. But since Im familiar with the U.S. educational system, Im using that as my starting point. So, heres the list! The books are arranged in chronological order, with the authors nationality and the publication date (in many cases the approximate date) listed. Let me know what books you might add, or what books from this list you already love. An Ethiopian Romance, by Heliodorus (Greece, c. 230) The Recognition of Sakuntala, by Kalidasa (India, c. 4th century) The Poems of Tao Chien, by Tao Chien (China, early 400s) The Pillow Book, by Sei Shonagon (Japan, 990s early 1000s) The Tale of Genji, by Murasaki Shikibu (Japan, early 1000s) The Song of Roland, author unknown (France, c. 1040-1115) The Essential Rumi, Jalal al-Din Rumi (Iran, 1200s) The Bustan of Saadi, by Saadi (Persia, 1257) The Táin, author unknown (Ireland, 12th-14th century) Essays in Idleness, by Yoshida Kenko (Japan, 1330-1332) The Cloud of Unknowing, author unknown (England, later 1300s) The Book of Margery Kempe, by Margery Kempe (England, 1420s) Lazarillo de Tormes, author unknown (Spain, 1554) The Heptameron, by Marguerite of Navarre (France, 1558) The Blazing World, by Margaret Cavendish (England, 1666) The Princess of Cleves, by Madame de Lafayette (France, 1678) Oroonoko, by Aphra Behn (England, 1688) Brief Lives, by John Aubrey (England, Late 1600s) The Narrow Road to the Deep North, by Matsuo Basho (Japan, 1694) Love in Excess, by Eliza Haywood (England, 1720) A Journal of the Plague Year, by Daniel Defoe (England, 1722) Letters of a Peruvian Woman, by Françoise de Graffigny (France, 1747) Fanny Hill, by John Cleland (England, 1748) Dream of the Red Chamber, by Cao Xueqin (China, mid 1700s) The Female Quixote, by Charlotte Lennox (Scotland, 1752) Letters of Mistress Henley, by Isabelle de Charrière (Netherlands, 1784) The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, by Olaudah Equiano (Nigeria, 1789) A Simple Story, by Elizabeth Inchbald (England, 1792) Caleb Williams, by William Godwin (England, 1794) A Voyage Around My Room, by Xavier de Maistre (France, 1794) Jacques the Fatalist, by Denis Diderot (France, 1796) Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, by Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1796) The Coquette, by Hannah Webster Foster (U.S., 1797) Wieland, by Charles Brockden Brown (U.S. 1798) The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, by James Hogg (Scotland, 1824) Hope Leslie, by Catharine Maria Sedgwick (U.S. 1827) The Wide, Wide World, by Susan Warner (U.S., 1850) Cranford, by Elizabeth Gaskell (England, 1851-1853) Ruth Hall, by Fanny Fern (U.S., 1854) Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, by Harriet Jacobs (U.S., 1861) Lady Audleys Secret, by Mary Elizabeth Braddon (England, 1862) The Story of Avis, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (U.S. 1877) A Ladys Life in the Rocky Mountains, by Isabella Bird (England, 1879) Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, by Robert Louis Stevenson (Scotland, 1879) The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas, by Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (Brazil, 1881) Hester, by Margaret Oliphant (Scotland, 1883) The Story of an African Farm, by Olive Schreiner (South Africa, 1883) Hunger, by Knut Hamsun (Norway, 1890) Effi Briest, by Theodor Fontane (Germany, 1894) Trilby, by George Du Maurier (France and England, 1894) Elizabeth and Her German Garden, by Elizabeth von Arnim (Australia, 1898) The Conjure Woman, by Charles Chestnutt (U.S., 1899) I Await the Devils Coming, by Mary MacLane (Canada/U.S., 1901) The Man Who Was Thursday, by G.K. Chesterton (England, 1908) Jakob von Gunten, by Robert Walser (Switzerland, 1909) Kokoro, by Natsume  Soseki (Japan, 1914) Herland, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman (U.S. 1915) Tender Buttons, by Gertrude Stein (U.S., 1915) The Home and the World, by Rabindranath Tagore (India, 1916) Diary of a Madman, by Lu Xun (China, 1918) Return of the Soldier, by Rebecca West (England, 1918) Demian, by Hermann Hesse (Germany, 1919) The Sheik, by Edith Maude Hull (England, 1919) Kristin Lavransdatter, by Sigrid Unset (Norway, 1920) Cane, by Jean Toomer (U.S., 1923) Zenos Conscience, by Italo Svevo (Italy, 1923) The Home-Maker, by Dorothy Canfield Fisher (U.S., 1924) There is Confusion, by Jessie Redmon Fauset (U.S., 1924) Bread Givers, by Anzia Yezierska (U.S. 1925) Chaka, by Thomas Mofolo (Lesotho, 1925) Lolly Willowes, by Silvia Townsend Warner (England, 1926) Home to Harlem, by Claude McKay (Jamaica/U.S., 1928) Quicksand, by Nella Larsen (U.S., 1928) Doña Bárbara, by Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela, 1929) A High Wind in Jamaica, by Richard Hughes (Wales, 1929) Dance Night, by Dawn Powell (U.S., 1930) A Note in Music, by Rosamond Lehmann (England, 1930) Devils Cub, by Georgette Heyer (England, 1932)* Frost in May, by Antonia White (England, 1933) Testament of Youth, by Vera Brittain (England, 1933) Street of Crocodiles, by Bruno Schulz (Poland, 1934) Snow Country, by Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1935-7) Jamaica Inn, by Daphne du Maurier (England, 1936) Nightwood, by Djuna Barnes (U.S., 1936) Journey by Moonlight, by Antal Szerb (Hungary, 1937) The Death of the Heart, by Elizabeth Bowen (Ireland, 1938) Beware of Pity, by Stefan Zweig (Austria, 1939) The Invention of Morel, by Adolpho Bioy Cesares (Argentina, 1940) Dust Tracks on a Road, by Zora Neale Hurston (U.S., 1942) Icelands Bell, by Halldór Laxness (Iceland, 1943) Love in a Fallen City, by Eileen Chang (China, 1943) Near to the Wild Heart, by Clarice Lispector (Brazil, 1943) The Makioka Sisters, by Junichiro Tanizaki (Japan, 1943-1948) Ficciones, by Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina, 1944) Miss Pym Disposes, by Josephine Tey (Scotland, 1946) Trilogy, by H.D. (U.S. 1946) In a Lonely Place, by Dorothy B. Hughes (U.S. 1947) The Mountain Lion, by Jean Stafford (U.S., 1947) The Slaves of Solitude, by Patrick Hamilton (England, 1947) I Capture the Castle, by Dodie Smith (England, 1948) *This list originally included Georgette Heyers novel Venetia with an incorrect publication date.

The Modern Life Span Perspective Essay - 1969 Words

Some scientist and theorist believe that a person s current position in life is the result of a combination of their experiences and interacting influences. This can occur from infancy through very old age, even before birth. For example, career choices can be affected by personal experiences or inborn abilities. This may be from the individual or the influence of adult role models, which can be positive or negative. According to Sigelman, Rider, De George-Walker (2013), human development is shown to be very complex, with many interconnected processes through the modern lifespan perspective. This context is based on seven key assumptions, where I will analyse in depth in this paper and will show how the modern life span perspective is relevant to my decision to become a Social worker based on my experiences. The life span perspective in Paul Baltes view is the study of constancy and change in behaviour throughout the life course from conception to death.† (Baltes, 1987, p.611). Being a development psychologist, Baltes constructed seven frameworks that shows that development is multi directional, which means different processes of change all through the lifespan. Secondly, development is multiply influenced by a person s development, an effect brought about from both biological and environmental factors. Thirdly, understanding development requires multiple disciplines, development that analyse in all directions so that it can be understood through many perspectivesShow MoreRelatedMy Life Span Perspective And The Seven Key Assumptions That Make Up Development Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will be reviewing and discussing my journey, the modern life span perspective and the seven key assumptions that make up development. 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Too often, the faithful view the Bible solely as a divine message from God, immune to critical analysis. Likewise, the non-religious often dismiss the Bible as an irrelevant—or even dangerous—collection of outdated and ignorant writings. In their new book, The Good Book of Human Nature, (Basic Books, $29.99), evolutionary anthropologist Carel van Schaik

Economics Question Bank - 772 Words

Velammal Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering MG2452- Engineering Economics and Financial Accounting Question Bank Part A: 1. Define economics 2. Define managerial economics. 3. Define micro economics 4. Define macroeconomics 5. Differentiate micro and macroeconomics 6. Draw economic circle. 7. State the subject matter of economics. 8. What is scarcity? 9. What is firm? 10. What are the objectives of firm? 11. What are the types of firms? 12. What is sole proprietorship? 13. What is partnership firm? 14. What is FOP? 15. What are the main areas of focus in managerial economics? 16. What is demand? 17. What is demand function? 18.†¦show more content†¦52. What is the slope of isocost line? 53. What is meant by optimum input combination? 54. What is producers’ equilibrium? 55. What is meant by firms’ expansion path? 56. State the equation of isocost line. 57. What is cost? 58. What is cost function? 59. Define opportunity cost. 60. Define money cost. 61. State the uses of LAC curve. 62. What are the determinants of cost? 63. What is meant by division of labor? 64. Define clos ing stock 65. Define outstanding expenses 66. Define prepaid expenses 67. Define outstanding expenses 68. Define accrued incomes 69. Define Bad debts 70. What is market? 71. What are the different market structures? 72. Mention the features of market? 73. What is perfect competition? 74. What is monopoly? 75. What is duopoly? 76. What is oligopoly? 77. What is monopolistic competition? 78. What is skimming strategy? 79. What is penetration strategy? 80. What is meant by loss leader? 81. What is price discrimination? 82. What is marginal cost pricing? 83. What is price leadership? 84. What is cost plus pricing 85. What is tender pricing? 86. Differentiate managerial and micro economics. 87. What are the main divisions of economics? 88. What is the value of the firm? 89. Why does firm exist? 90. What is the boundary of the firm? 91. What is alternative demand? 92.Show MoreRelatedEconomics Questions On The Bank Of Canada1067 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics Questions 1. The overnight rate refers to the interest rate at which the major Canadian banks and financial institutions lend and borrow short-term funds among the banks themselves (The Bank of Canada, 2015a). The bank sets a specific target for that rate, and that target for the overnight rate becomes the bank s Key Interest Rate (The Bank of Canada, 2015a). As soon as the bank announces that its overnight interest rate is either increased or decreased (or steady), the rate itselfRead MoreEstate of Leavitt V. Comm787 Words   |  4 Pagesbasis in their stock should be increased to reflect a $300,000 loan. The loan was obtained by VAFLA from bank and was guaranteed by the shareholder-guarantors. VAFLA made all of the loan payments, principals and interest to the bank and the appellants did not. 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Abuse of Woman’s Rights Free Essays

ABUSE OF WOMAN’S RIGHTS A man once approached me and asked, â€Å"Could you describe a woman in three words?† I than asked â€Å"A woman from which century, the 15th or the 20th?† He than said â€Å"Both!† After a moment of thought I replied, † A woman from the 15th century would be, gentle, loving and inspiring† than I paused†¦ and confidently continued † However a woman from the 20th century would be, greedy, greedy and greedy†. You might all be wondering why I have such pessimistic views towards the woman of the 20th century even though I’m a woman, right? Since 1848, the birth of the Woman Liberation Movement, many women of the world have changed their traditional feminine ways just to obtain what they call as ‘equal rights’. I have no objections to the term ‘equal rights’ as every human being despite female or male deserve to be treated equally. We will write a custom essay sample on Abuse of Woman’s Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now However due to the expansion of this movement many beliefs have been misunderstood, for example a woman’s age is everything. In this century, the 21st century, if a woman is less than 20 years of age they have no responsibilities, they call it freedom. If a woman is less than 30 years old their career is everything and marriage should just be a distant dream. However if a woman were less than 40 years of age they would have to juggle a family life and their career but soon confronted with a need to lead a free life. As woman gradually grow older they ‘free’ again just like they were when younger than 20. This is the message that ‘Hollywood’ brings forward to every woman of the world, but if you were to compare movies of the past to those of today the personality and role of woman have changed dramatically. The Woman Liberation Movement did finally achieve their long wished dream, and that is to obtain equal rights. After awhile the movement was misunderstood and women of the world started rebelling/ protesting against nothing. All these women were just greedy for fame, money and mostly power. For many years these women demanded equal rights. However in the book of law it states that ‘women should be protected as they are the weaker species’. Where is the just in that? If woman are the weaker species and every woman of the world agreed to this law why do they ask for equal rights? The equalization in opportunities, why? If they wanted equal rights so badly the first thing that should have protested against was this law. Why was this law made in the first place? That is because it was designed to protect woman, to protect woman from the outside world and this weaker gender could be very vulnerable if caught alone. That is why this law was designed. Why haven’t they rebelled against this law? That’s because they are all very aware of the dangers that lie before them if this law wasn’t present. The risk of anything happening to them would be twice the amount. When Eve was first made wasn’t she made from one of the ribs of Adam? Eve came from a part of Adam. Doesn’t that make her not as equal in everything compared to Adam? Eve just came from one tiny part if compared against the rest of Adam’s body. Why do you think God made it that way? A woman is the carrier of life; they were designed for that one purpose. A woman’s body is not made built like a man’s, which restricts a woman from doing a man’s job. Perhaps woman are bored doing nothing at home, not being able to obtain and education, or money to support them self. My point is not to go against any of this issues, my purpose is to restrict the obsessions in believing that woman deserve more at this current century. We, the women have asked for more than we can ever afford. If a woman was a president and she was pregnant does that make her exempted from her duties? Won’t that affect the country if she has to juggle parenting and ruling a country? A man doesn’t go through that phase, that’s why males are the leaders of the world, that’s the secret behind that. I’m begging every single woman of the world right now, to get an education, get a start in your career but don’t let it affect anything especially your children, return the natural feminine ways that woman are created to be and don’t be greedy for more than you already have because if the Woman’s Liberation Movements really did care about the woman of the world less women would be raped every year, less women would suffer financial problems, less women would be illiterate and less women would die due to just being a woman. I’m now pleading to everyone to take a stand, don’t follow the temptations, and follow the true path because that path would lead you to the greatest success you can ever achieve. Thank you. How to cite Abuse of Woman’s Rights, Papers

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne is a critically acclaimed author in world literature. He gained recognition as the writer behind the novel The Scarlet Letter. However, Hawthorne also penned many short stories, those which he is best known for. One of those short stories was Young Goodman Brown. Need essay sample on "Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Very Often Tell Us: I need to write a 1200-word cold war essay. But I don't have the time EssayLab professionals propose: Essay Help Provided Here With Beneficial Facilities! The story revolves someone named Goodman Brown, a young man who had been married for three months and was about to leave his wife Faith at sunset to go on an unspecified journey (Hawthorne, 1937). After saying goodbye to Faith, Goodman Brown proceeds to enter the dark realm of the forest, wherein an old man of about fifty years awaits him. At this point in the story, the readers are still unaware of the protagonist's destination. Meanwhile, as they traveled deeper into the forest, they encounter some of the Goodman Brown's townsfolkmost of whom are well-respected citizens. Soon, it was revealed that the journey of Goodman Brown led to a witches' meeting. Goodman Brown was shocked to find most of the people he knew to be God-fearing belonged to this wicked congregation. However, he was most shocked to find his innocent and kind wife in attendance as well. While he was calling out to her, he found himself alone in the forest and the images of the witches' meeting were absent. Goodman B rown was uncertain if what he had witnessed was indeed true, or if what he saw was merely a bad dream. Regardless of the true nature of what had really happened in the forest, he was forever altered. He never saw the townspeople the same way again; his relationship with his wife never returned to the way it was before he left for the forest. As a result, he died a miserable man (Hawthorne, 1937). What could Hawthorne's story mean? It could be interpreted in two ways. First, it can be seen as one man's struggle with temptation. When Goodman Brown spoke to his wife before his departure, he said that his journey "as thou callest it, forth and back again" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1033). Goodman Brown was prompted to take part in such journey as sin and temptation have called him frequently. This situation appears to demonstrate how people are human beings are often lured by temptation and sin. Goodman Brown said this about his wife: "she's a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I'll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1033). He said this because he thought his wife was good while he was the one who was swayed by temptation. This was the reason why he called his decision to leave "his present evil purpose" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1033). Goodman Brown's companion on his journey to the witches' meeting could have been the devil. He was a mysterious old man who disappeared and was most notable for the staff he carried. Hawthorne (1937) described the staff as that which "bore the likeness of great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent" (p. 1034). In fact, this description allows the story to be interpreted the same way as the story of Adam and Eve. In this instance, Goodman Brown can be the representation of Adam as the man lured by the devil to eat from the forbidden tree. His elder companion in the forest was the devil, and it was his staff which served as the serpent that was to tempt people into committing evil deeds. In the end, his experience with the devil had corrupted him and damaged him for life. The second interpretation can be that the story is about false pretenses and mistaken opinions. Goodman Brown had embarked on a journey to the witches' meeting, leaving his good wife, as well as the noble and incorruptible people of Salem behind. He is accompanied by the devil as they go further into the depths of the forest. In the beginning, Goodman Brown was eager to abort his plan and return home. He told the elder man, "We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs; and shall I be the first of the name of Brown that ever took this path" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1034). Goodman Brown knew his family's respectable history and he initially thought that none of his family members were previously involved in such evil pursuit. The devil was quick to correct him: "They were my good friends, both; and many a pleasant walk have we had along this path, and returned merrily after midnight" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1034). Goodman Brown would soon learn that his grandfather and father were not as respectable as he thought; the former hurt a Quaker woman and the latter participated in burning a village. He mused, "We are a people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness" (Hawthorne, 1937, p. 1035). As the journey progressed, Goodman Brown became more convinced that people he knew were not as they appeared to be. Goody Cloyse, the woman who taught him catechism, was also a participant in the witches' meeting. The minister and Deacon Gookin were also present in the gathering. Most importantly, Faith was there as well. The wife who Goodman Brown thought was righteous was also evil. Goodman Brown had suffered immensely after what he witnessed in the forest. His perception of the people in his town had drastically changed, as he was able to break through their proper facades and see for himself their evil ways. Whether or not what occurred in the forest was real or not, Goodman Brown's faith in people was already altered. Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story Young Goodman Brown is a text which is open to multiple interpretations. It can be seen as similar to the tale of Adam and Eve; it tells of the protagonist Goodman Brown's fall from grace as he was tempted to sin by walking into the witches' meeting with the devil. It can also be seen as a cautionary tale about people and the artificial masks which they put on. While they are religious and upright from the outside, they can be evil in reality. Regardless of the interpretation, the tale conveys one message: man's struggle with the evils he is confronted with. Human beings must deal with the constant threat of sin and evil in their everyday lives. As shown by the characters in the story, there are those who do not succeed in this struggle. Thus, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a story which presents the evils in the midst of men and the failure of many to defeat them. Reference Hawthorne, N. (1937). The Complete Novels and Selected Tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne (N.H. Pearson, Ed.). New York: Random House, Inc.

The Ethical Argument Surrounding Assisted Reproductive Technology ART †Ethics Essay

The Ethical Argument Surrounding Assisted Reproductive Technology ART – Ethics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Ethical Argument Surrounding Assisted Reproductive Technology ART Ethics Essay Prompt: Assisted Reproductive Technology is an issue with many facets that tend to contribute to the ethical arguments surrounding it. Three subissues in particular, including access to this technology, the definition of a parent/conflicting claims on custody, and the commodification of people, contribute to the ethical argument on ART, all in a rather negative manner. First, access to this technology seems to make ART unethical. ART is an extremely expensive procedure, ranging into the tens of thousands of dollars and up for something that may not even be successful, and this is before the baby is ever born. It is obvious that only people with access to such funds would be able to take advantage of this technology. In this case, only the very well-off would be able to have children at an advanced age or under certain physical conditions; thus, less wealthy people would not be able to have their own children. Taken to an extreme, this could be seen as a form of genetic â€Å"purification† of society, where the very wealthy are able to have more children than the less wealthy. In addition to the high cost, this technology is more available in certain geographical areas, including the U.S. West Coast and Northeast and Western Europe. Even if they could afford it, people in Africa, Asia, or South America would have to fly somewhere else t o obtain access to ART. Again, taken to the extreme, this could be seen as a â€Å"purification† of the human race, with people in the U.S. and Europe having more ready access to this technology and thus more able to take advantage of it. While Stock and Fuykuyama argue over government regulation of this technology in the text, it seems that the more important issue is the fact that access to this technology is limited to very wealthy individuals who tend to live in the U.S. and Europe. Secondly, ART seems to change the definition of a parent, making custody battles – already a difficult topic – even more complicated, and further adding to the argument that ART is not necessarily ethical. As we see in the case with the triplets, parenthood in ART is a complicated affair because you have several sets of contributors to these children’s lives: the donor mother and/or father, the intending mother/father, and/or the surrogate mother all can feel that they have the rights to these children. First, the donor mother and/or father are the genetic parents; they can feel a genetic connection with those children who may look or act just like them. The court just ruled that even these people, who signed a contract to sell their eggs or sperm to an ART company, have rights over the children, and granted custody of those triplets to the egg-donor mother. Then there are the intending mother and/or father. They are the people who are spending all this mon ey to have these children; these are the ones who say they will take care of these children and raise them as their own. But are they their own? The courts have ruled in the father’s favor in this case, but then it was reversed. Do intending parents have just as much right to the children as the biological parents? Finally there is the surrogate mother, who formed connections with these children for nine months as she carried them around. Would a surrogate not be informed that she may develop feelings for these children as she carried them? It would seem that this business would take into account the fact that a pregnant woman more often than not forms connections with the unborn children that intending and biological parents cannot otherwise make. And unless that woman is willing to completely give up her claim on the children and cut all emotional ties to them, it would seem that putting a woman through that emotional pain would be unethical. Thus, judging from the issues surrounding the definition of a parent, ART seems to be an unethical practice. Finally, the issue of the commodification of people is a more cloudy subissue for ART; it could be argued in two ways. First, from the very beginning, when a woman decides to donate her eggs or a man his sperm, some people can argue that we are buying and selling human beings or at the very least, the make up of humans. Should this not be akin to slavery? Slavery is wrong in the sense that we are treating people like cattle, mere commodities, like something that can be assigned a monetary value, when, in fact, are humans not more valuable than money? On the other hand, others argue against this, saying that a human is not a human until conception, and some go even further to say a human becomes a human at birth. Otherwise, would a woman not be accused of murder every time she menstruates? And what about all those sperm that men waste? We would all be in jail. I suppose the difference between these points of view is that in the first argument, we are selling our eggs or sperm in order to create human beings, whereas the second argument is a natural process, not an intentional disposal of human material. Intention, then, would be very important in this argument. Depending on which side of the intention argument you lie, the commodification of people could contribute to or detract from the ethical argument against ART. And so, ART can be argued as unethical from the points of access and parent definition, while it can be supported as ethical or unethical from the issue of commodification. Research Papers on The Ethical Argument Surrounding Assisted Reproductive Technology ART - Ethics EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoGenetic EngineeringArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Cheating Behavior and Students Morality

Cheating Behavior and Students Morality Cheating is a widespread, increasing in its prevalence, and perhaps the most unpleasant aspects of teaching and learning. The result of the study in higher education suggests that cheating only occurs if there is an opportunity to cheat and it is possible for teachers to eliminate cheating without creating a scandal. Hashtag: #YgsKopyaSkandal? (YGS Cheating Scandal) Cheating Behavior and Students’ Morality Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning suggests that motivation for learning change from childhood to adulthood thus those with higher levels of moral reason cheat less. However, study shows that students level of moral reasoning were not associated with cheating. In fact, students with low-level moral reasoning tend to obey school authority thus normally do not cheat while older students with higher levels of moral reasoning often rationalize cheating as situational demands. LEARNING MORAL VALUES IN COLLEGE MOVIES Results of studies on cheating behavior suggest that external factors have a greater influence on older students cheating behavior than internal factors or perception of right and wrong. Moreover, although many college students do perceive cheating as wrong, most of them believed that such act is a normal  part of life and plainly accept cheating a part of their college experience. However, close monitoring tends to thwart cheating in older students with more mature reasoning. Similarly, smaller class size appears to discourage cheating while students with clear knowledge of what constitute cheating usually are not involved in such immoral act. For instance, study shows that students who willingly provided test answers to peers are mostly unaware that it was cheating. Environmental factors such as teacher intervention can greatly reduce the occurrence of cheating and avoid dramatic cheating scandal similar to #YgsKopyaSkandal? For instance, large universities tend to respond to student cheating by instigating scandalous actions rather than protecting the interest of parents and students and preserving academic integrity through prevention and classroom reforms. For instance, directly teaching students of what constitutes cheating and greater emphasis on mastery of tasks rather than grades are beneficial classroom reforms. Preserving Academic Integrity without a  Scandal Cheating is a widespread, increasing in its prevalence, and perhaps the most unpleasant aspects of teaching and learning. The result of the study in higher education suggests that cheating only occurs if there is an opportunity to cheat and it is possible for teachers to eliminate cheating without creating a scandal. The literature has demonstrated that majority of students perceived cheating as an acceptable behavior and youths of all ages are likely to engage in some form of cheating. Cheating is an academic crime but there can be serious legal consequences if a teacher falsely accuses a student of cheating. The most effective approach a teacher can adopt therefore is to prevent cheating by establishing cheating policies and strictly enforcing them. Primarily, a teacher on the first day of class has the opportunity to state his or her position about cheating clearly and why school considers such act as a crime. It is also helpful to explain its consequence using relevant situations such as the fact that since many of them will be competing with other people for jobs in the near future, a person who cheats and gets  illicit high grades from it is literally cheating everyone out of a job. Teaching styles that promote cheating such as grading on a curve and covering too much material on a single examination should be avoided. The reason is that students often cheat when the stakes are high and consequences are low. Moreover, research shows that likelihood of cheating is strongly linked to the quality of teacher-student relationship and students’ level of respect for the teacher.

How to Adapt to Change in the Workplace Research Paper

How to Adapt to Change in the Workplace - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that change comes about with a lot of denial on the part of the employees who are simply not ready to accept it within their stride. They believe that change shall mean a great amount of negativity for their work processes, and that they would have to undergo stress and tension at the hands of the employers who want to persist with change. They are of the view that change shall bring in a great amount of work pressure for them, which would eventually mean that they would have to exponentially increase their work yet would be given the same amount of money for what they do best within the workplace regimes. These are some of the negative aspects which are related with the denial phase when change becomes an apparent entity in the workplace. The employees opine that they would have to be looked after by their own selves and that their work manifestations would not be taken care of by the people who should have mattered the most. The denial phas e is all the more important to understand because the employees reject the idea of changing their work routines and course, and that they start believing in the fact that if they change, it would mean that there is less job security for their own selves, and that they would have to face more pressurizing times in the future. Anger is another stage within the aegis of change which shall be regarded as a very violent and aggressive one. It is one step ahead of how denial is portrayed by the employees within the workplace settings. Anger is actually the basis of some employees showing their resentment through written resignations whereby they tend to give up the idea of working any further while others believe that they would stick on and see whether they could work along the lines of the organization’s new procedures and codes. The changing attitudes are visible through their expressions, their work performance levels, and so on and so forth. This is also apparent through their comprehension of tasks and how well they want to complete their tasks in order to satisfy the needs of the organization that they basically work for. Anger makes the employees look very different in their demeanor. They start to see things very distinctively and essentially exert their influence in more ways than one. Anger is something that shall make the best of the employees stand up and make their point get across, which is not good for the basis of the organization in essence. Dejection is the third stage of change which means that since the organization has understood that change has to happen over time, it will make the employees (the ones who are against the idea of change) shall face dejected and let down by the attitude of the organization. They would believe that change will not be a good form of communication that has happened between the organization and its employees and that there must have been a different perspective which could be adopted for the betterment of all and sundry. This is an important element of change and shall be understood within the relevant domains nonetheless. Dejection is something that shall make the people feel very frustrated as they would believe that the organization does not pay respect to what they think and basically does things which are unbecoming of their stature and the manner in which their respective work domains got done in the past or even in the coming times.

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example In this way, only information bears the power to move market prices. There happens to be three levels of market efficiency as delineated by Fama (1970) viz. weak, semi-strong and strong. According to Fama (1970), weak form of market efficiency that market prices are affected by a stock's past performance and previous returns. The semi strong form of market efficiency suggests that market prices reflect all the available information. This degree of market efficiency exists when there are no under or over valued securities in the market and when new information affects market prices very rapidly. The strong form of market efficiency elaborates that all types of information, whether public or private, affects market price of securities. Despite the importance of the Efficient Market Hypothesis, its validity is highly debatable in the literature which is discussed in this essay. According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, stock prices move in negative and positive directions while responding to information and announcement of events. However, there has been staunch concern owing to market anomalies that indicate deviations from Efficient Market Hypothesis such as Holiday effect [e.g. Ariel (1990)], Monday effect [e.g. French (1980)], November effect [e.g. Bhabra, Dhillon and Ramirez (1999)], January effect [e.g. Bhardwaj and Brooks (1992)] and P/E ratio effect [e.g. Basu (1977)]. Critics are also of the view that movements in stock prices also reflect psychological factors and irrationality on the part of investors [e.g. La Porta, Lakonishok, Shliefer, and Vishny (1997), Shleifer and Summers (1990) etc.]. There has also been significant evidence that economic conditions great affect stock returns [e.g. Schwert (1989)]. The following paragraphs examine the Efficient

Challenges And Opportunities That Social Media Networks Offer Media Essay

Challenges And Opportunities That Social Media Networks Offer Media Essay Traditional media v/s new age media The availability of digital media such as satellite and mobile phones, the digital television and most importantly the internet, as a means for communication makes Internet Marketing (IM) very different from the Conventional Marketing. McDonald and Wilson (1999) elaborately highlighted the key difference between traditional media and new media. With particular emphasises on IM the authors proposed what they call The 6 Is of e-marketing mix. The authors posit that the relevance of the 6 Is are twofold (i) they draw emphasis on the practical aspects of IM such as direct response and personalization and (ii) provide an understanding of strategic issues such as restructuring of the industry and the changes in the integrated channel communications. The 6 Is of e-marketing mix Interactivity In the case of traditional media the marketing message is predominately broadcasted from a company to its target audience, thereby implying the existence of a push factor. This process of communication provides little scope for interaction with the customers. However, on the Internet, contact is initiated by the customer who, in most cases, is seeking information, implying the existence of a pull factor (Deighton, 1996). Intelligence The internet renders itself as a cost effective means of conducting market research. The internet is an especially useful tool in gathering information about customer perceptions about the product/ service. Individualism (Fig 1.14) pg 30 As illustrated in the diagram above, new media forms allow marketing communications to be tailored to the individual that the message is meant for, unlike in the case of traditional media wherein communication is mass media and the same message is disseminated to its audiences. (Lasswell 1984, Katz and Lazarsfeld 1955) Further, the inherent feature of personalisation that new media forms offer to marketers is an important building block in managing relationships with customers. Integration (diagram: A New Marketing Paradigm for Electronic Commerce) The conventional marketing communication model witnesses a fundamental alteration in the presence of a hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environment (CME) like the internet (Hoffman and Novak 1996). The internet enables an increased scope for an integrated marketing communication. The CME communication model provides a platform for consumers to interact with each other, the medium and the company itself. The most drastic departure from the traditional media is the opportunity for the consumers to generate content onto the medium. Hence, in the CME model the primary relationship is with the receiver and the CME, and not between the sender and the receiver, which is the case in traditional media.( Hoffman, 1996) The active role of the consumers makes it imperative for marketers to integrate their communication messages. Industry restructuring. Concepts such as disintermediation and reintermediation (Chaffey et al, 2003) are important considerations for companies that operate in a CME. Disintermediation refers to the process of eliminating conventional intermediaries such as agents and brokers, who previously linked the company to its customers. Reintermediation is the process of creating new age intermediaries between the company and its customer, given the presence of the internet. These new age intermediaries are often referred to as cybermediaries (Shankar et al, 1996) and include virtual communities like forums, fan clubs and user groups, search engines like Google and Bing , virtual resellers like Amazon and eBay. Independence of location The internet provides the possibility of an increased reach of a companys marketing communications to the global audience. This can often translate into reaching international markets and audiences. Social media networks: AN INTRODUCTION Social media networks, though a relatively new terrain for most companies and brand managers had its humble beginnings when Open Diary was founded in 1950s with the intent to create a community of diary writers. A few years later, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis introduced Usenet, letting its users post articles to its groups. (Kaplan et al, 2010). Dating sites that enabled its users to create profiles and even update pictures and online forums, which were the more user friendly and sophisticated versions of BBSs (Bulletin Board Systems), are all building blocks of the social media networks as we know it today. With the passage of time and the technological developments that . SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS: OPPOTUNTIES AND CHALLENGES Social networking sites: Social networking sites like face book, my space, twitter and orkut are platforms for Internet users to create individual profiles with personal information, make new friends and connect with old ones and even for business networking, in some cases. Users can use certain applications which help them connect to each other through instant messaging and sending emails between each other, creating personalised profiles for themselves which can be accessed by colleagues and friends etc. Such applications are known as Social networking sites. Personal profiles are highly specialised as they are suited to the users needs. He/she can upload audio files, videos, blogs as well photos into the profile which can be shared to other friends. Facebook is considered to be the largest social networking site and it is interesting to note that it was originally founded by US based Mark Zuckerberg who wanted to stay in touch with his friends in Harvard Unviersity. Myspace is also another example of a social networking site which has over 250 million users worldwide. SNS are being used for market research with regard to netnography as well as creating brand communities by different companies. SNS have also been used especially well for promoting movies for example when film makers create a fan page of their movie which allows user to access information such as trailers, photos and download games for free. Similarly companies sponsoring football clubs have used SNS such as Myspace to allow fans to feel closer to the teams they support. Apart from marketing their products through SNS other companies go to the extent of using SNS as a distribution channel for their products for example 1-800- flowers a US based florist has allowed facebook users to send virtual flowers to whomsoever they desire or send the real ones by directing users to their company website. VIRTUAL WORLDS Platforms which exhibit a 3 Dimensional environment through which personalised avatar forms of users can interact with each other similar to how they would in real life are known as virtual worlds. These virtual worlds could possibly be the best form of Social Media since they involve the maximum social presence of individuals rather than only some aspects of social life. There are two forms of Virtual Worlds. VIRTUAL GAME WORLD Firstly there are the virtual game worlds which involve users following strict rules through online role playing games (MMORPG). This has gained popularity and now even standard game consoles such as the Sony Playstation and the Microsoft X box allow multiplayer options to connect with users all over the world. A famous example of a widespread virtual gaming world is the World of Warcraft which has more than 8.5 million users as well as Sonys EverQuest. These games have become such an important part of lives for some people that they start replicating their online role playing character in real life. It is also possible to leverage the popularity of virtual games into traditional communication campaigns. A good example is when Toyota used figures from the World of Warcraft into one of its car advertisements. VIRTUAL SOCIAL WORLDS The second form of virtual words is the virtual social world which allows users to live a virtual life online. Similar to the virtual game worlds, virtual social worlds have users in the form of avatars all set in a 3D environment though there is one major difference which is the absence of strict rules to which users have to abide and stick by. This allows more room for freedom and self presentation and thus it has been slowly seen that users or residents of the realm bring several aspects of their real life into the online world. (Haenlein Kaplan, 2009; Kaplan Haenlein, 2009a, 2009b). A perfect example for virtual social worlds is the Second Life application which was created by Linden Research Inc. This virtual world allows day to day activities such as talking to other users, walking and even enjoying virtual sunshine. Attention to detail goes a step further due to the possibility of designing own clothes and furniture as well as buying and selling goods for virtual money. These virtual social worlds allow a large range of opportunities for marketers especially because they can get good market research virtually as well launch a product into the virtual market to see how it fairs.

Human Resource Activities of Qantas Airways Essay

The Qantas Airways is the largest airline in Australia. Its Human Resource Management operates in the company in four major areas, which are business segments, corporate, shared services, development, and learning. This report gives limelight to the Qantas airways HRM and its role in ensuring perfect operations of the company. It further discusses change management and job analysis and design. The company has undergone intensive change management such as cutting of prices and labor costs in order to ensure high productivity, moderation of wages as well as the introduction of flexible structures through a versatile and motivated workforce. Moreover, the HRM is also responsible of ensuring that right people are hired and given necessary training under job analysis and design. However, despite the roles that the company has entrusted the HRM, there have been heightened cases of accidents and strikes from dissatisfied workers alleging that they are paid meager salaries. This shows a HRM gap in delivering its responsibilities. Therefore, the report further argues that the HRM has failed in its change management and job design and analysis strategy. In order to correct the situation, the report further proposes that the HRM change its training and communication model. As a means to an end, the report discusses some of the implications emerging from the HRM problems and ends with a comprehensive summary. Description of Qantas and their HRM Activities The Qantas Airways is Australia’s largest airline. It has a solid history as it began its business years back by transporting passengers and mails. Today, the company has expanded its operations in almost 140 destinations across the globe. It is Australia’s largest employers with around 37,000 employees. The human resource management operates in the company in four major areas, which are business segments, corporate, shared services, and development and learning. Under corporate level, the HRM is responsible for employees’ remuneration as well as benefits, the industrial relations of the airline with its competitors and development of the management. In the business segment level, the HR teams often collaborate with other business segments to ensure successful delivering of strategies that will ensure competitive advantage. Human resource has a major responsibility in the company and under shared services; the HRM is responsible of managing  workers records, supporting remuneration and recruitment process and managing employees’ compensation as well as coming up with strategic plans on staff travelling schedules and schemes (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2009). Finally, under the learning and development level, the HRM comes up with training programs for employees to help them deliver their work effectively. HR Functions: Change Management and Job Analysis and Design at the Qantas Airways Discussion of Two HR functions in the Qantas Change Management The Qantas airline was formerly owned by the government hence did not perceive efficiency and profits as its prime goal (Rothkopf, 2009). After its privatisation in 1995, the HRM had to adopt various management practices in order to overcome the company’s external and internal influences. The HRM in their change management has emphasised on cutting costs and more so reduction of labour costs to guarantee heightened productivity, moderation of wages as well as the introduction of flexible structures through a versatile and motivated workforce (Marks, 2007). Cutting labour costs in the Qantas airways have involved strict measures from the HRM such as reducing wages and salaries through eliminating costly practices (Hernandez, 2011.). The Qantas airline HRM has undertaken immense changes in order to cope with diverse external and internal factors (Gillen and Morrison, 2005). Various factors led to changes in the HR management such as the need to have more profits in the company a nd the fact that the company was under government ownership. This means that the airline had maintained its authoritarian hierarchical structure, autocratic form of leadership, and strict procedures and rules (Hughes, 2012). In addition, the airline has been involved in a major change as far as training is concerned and in 2003, the HRM facilitated in the expansion of the company’s apprenticeship programme (Gunn, 1988). According to Kirkpatrick’s model of learning and training, training helps in ensuring affirmative results (Kearns, 2010). Job Analysis and Design Job design and analysis is the cornerstone of the Qantas HRM. Job analysis can be viewed as the hub of all human resource management activities that are needed for effective organizational functioning (Berman et al, 2009). Under job analysis, the HRM is responsible for planning, recruitment, selection, placement, and induction of workers (Berman et al, 2009). The procedures that are often supported by job analysis process include personnel selection, training, job evaluation as well as performance appraisal (Berman et al, 2009). In addition, the process of job analysis supports the Qantas organizational strategy in dealing with market competition and talent crisis. According to human resource theory, strategic HRM focuses on connecting all HR functions with organizational goals (Rothwell and Benscoter, 2012). The Qantas airline HRM in the process of job analysis determines various training needs of workers. Moreover, in job analysis process, the HRM determines on some of the things that affect behavior in the company. After job analysis process, the next step is job design, which aims at outlining and organizing duties, responsibilities, as well as tasks in a single unit in order to achieve particular objectives. Job design in the Qantas airways is essential in enabling effective feedback. In addition, training is an imperative part in job design in order to make sure that employees are conscious of their work demands. Training encompasses leadership training to employee orientation (Aulenbach, 2007). Development and training plays an imperative role in ensuring success of a company. Today, most organizations view training as an imperative role of human resource (Price, 2011). From research conducted, it is apparent that most organizations such as the Qantas airways are spending a lot of money on training with a belief that it will consequently give them a competitive advantage in both global and local market (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2011). According to human resource theory (Bacon et al, 2009), workers need maximum support from human resource function. In that case, the Qantas airways offer training to staff in order to motivate them as well as ensure competitive advantage in the company. Frances (2009) avows that training is imperative in ensuring imperative piloting skills. In 2009, the company opened approximately $10 million staff training centers in an effort to build on economies of scale. The HRM through job design help the workforce to make vital adjustments. Problem s and Implications Faced by Qantas Although the two major basic functions of HRM is to ensure successful change management and job analysis and design, the Qantas airline has undergone  through various challenges in these two areas. The HRM in their change management focused on cutting costs such as labor costs in order to increase productivity, ensure moderate workers’ salary and introduce flexible structures. However, they have failed in ensuring effective and non-biased change management. This is because, workers recently have been complaining of being paid meager salaries and even gone for strikes. Under change management, they should have ensured successful remuneration of employees. However, it is embarrassing to note that a reputable company like Qantas with such successful change management strategy has failed to take care of its employees. The unsolved salary issues have caused employee outcry and various scandals in the company. The pilots have been protesting over meager salaries and the union workers have continued to demonstrate over pay inequality arguing they are paid 25% less than their equals in Victoria (Hernandez, 2012). In a survey that was conducted in 2012, on three thousand Qantas employees, the workers expressed dissatisfaction with the management of the company mostly the HRM (McDonald, 2012). Serious staff challenges have continued threatening the company yet up to now the HRM is still reluctant to come up with a new change management model such as ADKAR model that will cater for the interests of workers and allow the company to focus activities on particular business results (Hiatt, 2006). Under Job analysis and design, it is apparent that the HRM made immense mistakes in choosing the right candidates. Despite heavy training programs that the HRM has invested in during job analysis and design process, it is only in 2008 that the company was involved in an in-flight incident, which caused ser ious injuries to passengers and death of 129 passengers due to specious commands (Frances, 2009). In addition, it is apparent that training has not had a positive impact in the company since in 2006, the Qantas Airways pilots failed to monitor their position hence ended up to the wrong runway. Moreover, in 2009, the company’s pilots failed to acknowledge and decided to overshoot their destinations by 150 miles (Frances, 2009). Frances (2009) alleges that captains in the company are not competent enough as they lacked knowledge on use of stick shaker and stall recovery thus causing serious accidents. It is hence clear that the HRM department leaves a lot to be desired as incidences have continued to intensify despite the company’s change management and job design and analysis strategy (Louise, 2011). With such a successful airline company, it is apparent that its HRM is ineffectual and has only led to losses than success. The company asserts that it is committed fully to developing its people, yet they do not seem to know how they can forge a beneficial relationship with its staff. There has been a lot of change in the company including cutting of costs, developing training programs, outsourcing working rules and regulations, collaborating with the unions yet the situation seem to be moving from bad to worse. It is apparent that the HRM has been incompetent in hiring the right personnel and dealing with employees. Implications to Stakeholders Various stakeholders include trade unions, government, shareholders, customers, community, business partners, employees, the media, and non-governmental organizations. They all have a major influence on the company’s performance and its strategy. The media coverage on wrong decisions in the Qantas have affected negatively on the company’s image. The problems discussed obviously imply that the HRM, shareholders, and business partners have been reluctant in solving the current crisis hence affecting the performance of the company. Because of the accidents reported, most consumers are not keen on using Qantas airline hence affecting profitability (BBC News, 2012). Additionally, the challenges in the company have also affected employees and consumers on grounds that they have lost confidence with the running of the company (Sandilands, 2011). The looming disagreement between Qantas and its pilots shows clearly that the HRM and business partners have failed in ensuring they contribute in effective management of the company. In addition, the Non-governmental organizations have failed in conflict resolution between the Qantas and its employees. It is apparent that the HRM, business partners, and non-governmental organizations involved have failed in coming up with rational solutions to ensure such current disputes do not develop into a major crisis. Instead of the company’s CEO, Alan Joyce holding productive talks, he has been busy making provocative comments in numerous heated exchanges. For instance, he condemned union members on issues regarding wages arguing that their talks and protests were baseless (Bamber, 2011). The union leaders in return criticized N senior managers and accused them of tarnishing the brand image of the company while they were awarding themselves hefty salaries. This hence implies that the  community as well as Union members have lost confidence on the company’s stakeholders and this in return has led to bad publicity and reduced profitability. Consequently, the media has given a wide coverage on the company’s latest controversies meaning that it is benefiting financially because of the developing story. It is upsetting to see Qantas’ employees go on strike due to poor management issues in a company owned by various stakeholders. The shareholders, business partners, the HRM, CEO, and Nongovernmental Organizations have a major role to play in ensuring issues in the company are resolved and the company goes back to its initial profitable situation. Therefore, they need to sit down and come up with a rational plan towards improvement (Bamber, 2011). Action plan and Recommendations With the increasing incidences, there is hence a need to come up with an action plan. First, all the stakeholders must meet to discuss on ways to solve the recent crisis. In the meeting, there will be change of communication and training model to more rational models that are employee oriented. The HRM will carry out the process and engage other stakeholders to give ideas on how salary and training issues ought to be handled. The change process will take place from 1st to 28th November in the company’s boardroom. To carry out the process, the employees will be interviewed in order to show some of the areas they would need change. The entire company’s workforce and managers will be given information concerning the changed plan. The recent problems involving HRM function has caused the company to suffer financially. The Qantas airline in their website asserts that, â€Å"Qantas is committed to providing meaningful jobs with competitive salaries and superior benefits† (Qantas, n.d). However, they have failed in fulfilling their promise as the strikes reported tell a different story. In addition, they allege that they â€Å"provide targeted, quality training to the Qantas group and assists in the development of skills† (Qantas, n.d). However, the accidents reported show a major gap in their training strategy. The HRM should revisit their training and communication model and make a change on it. It is time the company moved out of a market approach change strategy that only focus on making profits and focus on employee oriented approach that consider the interests of workers. With an effective training  model, there will be workshop and focus group sessions where employees air their grievances and come up with solutions to their problems (Frances, 2009). In addition, effective HRM communication should contribute successfully to teamwork, learning, innovation, safety, and productivity (Krizan et al, 2010). Moreover, the HRM should invest heavily on their pilot candidates and ensure that they get the right training. Coming up with a HR strategic oriented communication model is important in guaranteeing that employees are at par with requirements and needs of the company. This will help in discussing paramount issues affecting the running of the company. Once there is fit between communicat ion and training model in relation to the role of the HRM, the next step should be to come up with a tactical plan on how the HR will be managing their roles to ensure there are no more scandals. The HR needs to be involved fully in daily operations of the company to ensure alignment with needs of the employees. Moreover, the HRM should come up with performance management plan, which is imperative in following up on the performance of the staff members. The HRM should also be transparent in its strategy. This means that the company’s operational and strategic agenda should be communicated clearly to workers and must be accepted. This will ensure employees’ needs are met and there are no operational challenges. In addition, its mission should be shared with other shareholders to make sure they are on the right path to correcting the image of the company. Today’s HR models recognize on the fact that people do not leave their issues at home when they are going to work. For the company to be successful, it should focus on the needs of the workers whether personal or professional. This will motivate the workers to deliver quality work. In that case, there will be less accidents and remuneration problems in the company (Frances, 2009). In addition, in training sessions, the HR should focus on changing staff members’ attitude towards work and teach them on how to have a positive attitude. This will help in motivating workers and encouraging them to air their grievances through dialogue.

Reading Interventions for Students with Learning Disabilities

Reading Interventions for Students with Learning Disabilities Reading is a lifelong skill that individuals should learn, for them to prosper and expand intellectually. Despite the fact that one might perceive its simplicity, it is more complex than what it seems. Furthermore, its a weapon that can be used to face challenges and opportunities that life offers. For many, gaining this skill is easy except for students with Learning Disabilities (LD). It’s very hard to teach reading for those students with LD. One factor to this is the varying needs of the students and the condition that controls the learning situation. In the articles read, the authors provide solutions to help the LD students with their reading skills and intellectual†¦show more content†¦In the word-supply method, the teacher supplied the student the correct word for every miscue the student makes. Students were given 3 seconds to correct their miscued word, but after that the teacher supplies the correct word and allows the student to continue reading. With the phonics-based method, the teacher supplied the sound for each miscue and inability to decode the word. Students were given tokens to motive them and improve. Tokens were form of reinforcement. The findings of their study prove the effectiveness of the 2 methods to on the development of reading fluency among students with LD. However in the study of Carr, reading comprehension was more essential. The teacher or examiner relied on the questioning of the prior knowledge of the students to increase their understanding. Before the reading activity itself, the examiner questions the prior knowledge of the students regarding the topic of the passage to be read. Then the examiner read five questions and helped the students in answering them. After reading them, five inferential questions were asked then the answers were recorded. Moreover, the results of this study showed a positive effect of this method, emphasizing that LD students were able to read, or have the same reading ability as their reading-level peers. In addition to triggering prior knowledge, Carr also used Echo Reading approach to tackle the issues of reading fluency. Unlike theShow MoreRelatedStudents With Disabilities : Instructional Practices For Literacy Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pages Students with Disabilities: Instructional Practices for Literacy A Review Of The Literature Alicia M. Genco Charleston Southern University â€Æ' Abstract Students with disabilities are at a higher at-risk for dropping out of high school at a greater rate than typically developing peers (Pyle Wexler, 2012). 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